| 词或词组 | 中文 | 英文解释中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| stress difference (unit pa) | 应力差（单位pa） |
the algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. for σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 − σ3). 载荷体中最大和最小主应力之间的代数差，等于系统中最大剪应力的两倍。由（σ1− σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| solenoid | 螺线管 |
a coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 绕在金属芯（通常为铁）上的导线线圈，当电流通过线圈时产生磁场，从而在芯上产生力。电磁阀广泛用于产生线性运动以驱动阀（电磁阀）和其他装置。 |
| lead angle | 导角 |
the angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. it is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺纹或蜗杆螺纹的螺旋角。它是螺纹从垂直于螺钉轴线的平面的倾斜度的量度。 |
| thermodynamics laws | 热力学定律 |
the zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 热力学第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| fracture stress | 断裂应力 |
the true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. this term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 断裂开始时最小横截面积上的真实正应力。该术语通常适用于无缺口试样的拉伸试验。 |
| abs polymer | abs聚合物 |
a class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一类由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三种单体组成的热塑性共聚物，其性能（特别是韧性）优于单个成分。 |
| supercharging | 增压 |
the process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). the power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. the process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. in the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲轴（增压器）驱动的压缩机增加进入活塞式发动机气缸的空气（或空气/燃料混合物）质量流率的过程。与相同容量的自然吸气发动机相比，功率输出增加。该过程还将空气压力和密度增加到大于环境压力和密度。在过去，大多数增压器都是由发动机曲轴机械驱动的，但这些增压器在很大程度上已被涡轮增压器所取代。 |
| diaphragm compressor | 隔膜式压缩机 |
a machine in which compression is achieved by the reciprocating motion of a flexible membrane of metal, plastic, or elastomeric material. this arrangement is ideally suited to pumping high-purity, toxic, or explosive gases. a similar machine incorporating check valves is a self-priming positive-displacement pump (diaphragm pump, membrane pump). 通过金属、塑料或弹性材料的柔性薄膜的往复运动实现压缩的机器。这种布置非常适合泵送高纯度、有毒或爆炸性气体。装有止回阀的类似机器是自吸容积泵（隔膜泵、隔膜泵）。 |
| scragging machine | 刮擦机 |
1. a machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. a machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一种通过冲击载荷测试弹簧的机器2.一种在使用前将螺旋弹簧压缩至其最小实心长度以提高其使用寿命的机器，从而产生有利的残余应力。 |
| teeth | 齿 |
the projecting elements on gears, cutting tools, etc. 齿轮、刀具等上的突出元件。 |
| dead load (unit n) | 静载（单位n） |
a load on a component or structure that is steady with time, e.g. the self-weight of a bridge. 部件或结构上随时间稳定的载荷，例如桥梁的自重。 |
| intercritical annealing | 临界退火 |
any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火处理，包括加热至并保持在上临界温度和下临界温度之间的温度，以获得部分奥氏体化，然后缓慢冷却或保持在低于下临界温度的温度。 |
| self-locking nut | 自锁螺母 |
a nut with an inherent locking action which minimizes loosening due to vibration. a self-locking screw locks itself in place without the need for a separate selflocking nut or lock washer. 一种具有固有锁定作用的螺母，可将振动引起的松动降至最低。自锁螺钉将自身锁定到位，无需单独的自锁工件或锁紧垫圈。 |
| computer-aided design (cad) | 计算机辅助设计（cad） |
generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (cad/cam) is where component dimensions resulting from cad are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由计算机进行设计和计算，更具体地说，使用计算机图形和模型来传达设计概念。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（cad/cam）是由cad产生的组件尺寸通过电子方式直接传递到机器进行制造。 |
| flame straightening | 火焰矫直 |
correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. 通过使用气体火焰进行局部加热来纠正金属结构的变形。 |
| flat head | 平头 |
flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平顶表面和锥形轴承表面。 |
| diagonal pitch (unit m) | 对角线间距（单位米） |
the distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. the term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 当部件中的零部件交错时，一行或一列中零部件的位置与下一行或下一列中相应零部件的位置之间的距离。该术语适用于铆钉、叶栅中的涡轮或压缩机叶片、机翼表面的涡流发生器等。 |
| pitch angle (unit °) | 俯仰角（单位°） |
for a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 对于锥齿轮，轴与节锥生成器之间的角度。 |
| torricellean barometer | 托里塞莱气压计 |
a vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. the space above the mercury is under vacuum. the height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一种垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水银上方的空间处于真空状态。水银在管道中上升的高度是大气压力的量度。 |
| shoulder bolt | 轴肩螺栓 |
a bolt for which the unthreaded cylindrical section between the thread and the head is of larger diameter than the threaded section, precisely machined to length and diameter and hardened 一种螺栓，其螺纹和头部之间的无螺纹圆柱段的直径大于螺纹段的直径，精确加工至长度和直径并硬化 |
| threaded fastener | 螺纹紧固件 |
studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. one of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各种螺柱、螺栓和螺钉，以及相关的螺母。 |
| melting point (unit k or °c) | 熔点（单位k或°c） |
the temperature at which a solid material undergoes the phase change to a liquid at a specified pressure, usually 1 atm. pure metals and eutectics have single-valued melting points, while alloys with other compositions melt over a range of temperature such that there is a well-defined start and end to the melting process, but there are states in between where solid and liquid are both present. 在特定压力下，固体材料发生相变为液体的温度，通常为1大气压。纯金属和共晶具有单值熔点，而具有其他成分的合金在一定温度范围内熔化，熔化过程有一个明确的起点和终点，但其间存在固态和液态并存的状态。 |
| knot (kn) | 节（kn） |
a non-si unit defined as one nautical mile per hour. the conversion to si is 1 kn = 5.144 444 444×10−1 m/s. 非国际单位制单位，定义为每小时一海里。转换为si为1kn=5.144444×10−1米/秒。 |
| coherent precipitate | 相干沉淀 |
a crystalline precipitate that forms from solid solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by some strain in both lattices. because the lattices fit at the interface between precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary. 由固溶体形成的结晶沉淀物，其取向保持沉淀物晶格和基体晶格之间的连续性，通常伴随着两个晶格中的一些应变。由于晶格适合于沉淀和基体之间的界面，因此不存在可识别的相边界。 |
| design pressure (unit pa) | 设计压力（单位pa） |
the greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密闭容器在正常操作条件下预期承受的最大压力。 |
| compressor bleed | 压缩机排气 |
the removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于设计速度运行的多级压缩机的末级之前去除空气，以防止末级阻塞。 |
| air pump | 气泵 |
a machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. the term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一种用于提供空气流动或用于增加或减少密闭容器中空气质量和压力的机器。当工作流体是液体时，术语泵更常用，而气体更常用压缩机。 |
| ball mill | 球磨机 |
a mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一种用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨机，由装有松散钢球或陶瓷球的水平旋转滚筒组成。 |
| microhardness | 显微硬度 |
the hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a vickers or knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通过在非常轻的载荷下将压头（如维氏或努氏压头）压入材料表面来确定的材料硬度；通常压痕很小，必须用显微镜测量。能够确定结构内不同微组分的硬度，或测量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| mass flow rate (ṁ) (unit kg/s) | 质量流量（ṁ）（单位kg/s） |
the mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. the corresponding mass flux (ṁ″), with unit kg/s.m², is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area a, i.e. ṁ″ = ṁ/a or ṁ″ = ρv where ρ is the material density and v is its velocity normal to the surface. 单位时间内流过表面或通过管道或其他管道的材料质量，通常是流体或粉末。相应的质量通量（ṁ″），单位为kg/s.m²，是通过真实表面或通过管道的质量流量除以表面或横截面积a，即ṁ″=ṁ/a或ṁ″=ρv，其中ρ是材料密度，v是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| total-loss lubrication | 全损耗润滑 |
a system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 内燃机润滑油与燃料一起燃烧的系统。 |
| centrifugal fan | 离心风机 |
a machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. the gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一种带有转子的机器，转子由安装在轮毂周围的许多叶片组成，用于移动空气或其他气体。气体轴向进入转子并在增加的压力下径向排出。 |
| stead’s brittleness | 斯特德脆性 |
a condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about 705 °c (1300 °f). the fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of rolling. 一种脆性状态，导致粗晶结构中发生穿晶断裂，这是由于之前在低于约705°c（1300°f）的温度下轧制的低碳钢薄板经过长时间退火造成的。断裂通常发生在与轧制方向约45°处。 |
| strength (unit pa) | 强度（单位pa） |
the maximum stress, in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof, that may be monotonically applied to a material, component, or structure before failure (defined as fracture, yielding, buckling, etc. as appropriate). 在破坏前（视情况定义为断裂、屈服、屈曲等），材料、部件或结构在拉伸、压缩、剪切或其组合中可能单调施加的最大应力。 |
| dilatation (dilation) | 膨胀 |
a change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部载荷、压缩、温度变化、化学作用等引起的体积变化。 |
| shear fracture | 剪切断裂 |
a ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切应力作用下，晶体（或多晶块）通过滑动或撕裂而分离的韧性断裂。与解理断裂形成对比。 |
| thermoelastic effect | 热弹性效应 |
the change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. for most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. the reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. the thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在绝热弹性变形下的温度变化，例如当加载速度如此之快，以至于材料与其周围环境不处于热平衡时。对于大多数材料，弹性张力降低温度，压缩提高温度。相反的情况发生在弹性体中，如橡胶，其表现出熵弹性，因为拉伸减少了可能的分子构型的数量，从而降低了熵。热弹性效应在循环弹性载荷中产生应力-应变迟滞回线，是振动能量在材料内部耗散的一种机制。 |
| cold treatment | 冷处理 |
treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后进行的处理，以将残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，包括冷却和保持在低于环境温度的温度。 |
| anode | 阳极 |
that electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. it is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 电池或腐蚀电池中产生电子的电极。被破坏（腐蚀）的是电极。 |
| steel-wire rope | 钢丝绳 |
a rope or cable made up of many steel strands wrapped helically about an axis, each strand being made of metal wires twisted together like a helix. 一种绳索或缆绳，由许多绕轴螺旋缠绕的钢绞线组成，每根钢绞线由金属丝缠绕在一起形成螺旋。 |
| fatigue failure | 疲劳失效 |
failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 当经历疲劳的试样完全断裂成两部分或因热加热或开裂而软化或刚度显着降低时发生的失效。 |
| precision | 精确 |
the closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. the standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 单个重复测量或测试结果之间的一致性。测量误差的标准偏差可用作“不精确性”的度量 |
| pressure control valve | 压力控制阀 |
a valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于设置压力容器或管道系统中压力水平的阀门。 |
| newton (n) | 牛顿（n） |
the basic unit of force in the si system, defined as the force that results in an acceleration of 1 m/s² when acting on a 1 kg mass. si国际单位制中力的基本单位，定义为作用于1kg质量时产生1m/s²加速度的力。 |
| sample average | 样本平均值 |
the sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. it is a point estimate of the population mean. also known as arithmetic mean. 样本中所有观察值的总和除以样本大小。它是总体平均值的点估计。也称为算术平均值。 |
| stress ratio (a or r) | 应力比（a或r） |
the algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a stress cycle. two commonly used stress ratios are the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress, a = sa/sm, and the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress, r = smin/smax. 应力循环中两个指定应力值的代数比。两种常用的应力比是交变应力振幅与平均应力之比，a=sa/sm，以及最小应力与最大应力之比r=smin/smax。 |
| congruent transformation | 全等变换 |
an isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等温或等压相变，其中相关的两个相在整个过程中具有相同的成分。 |
| concentration ratio | 浓度比 |
for a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 对于聚光太阳能集热器，集中器面向太阳光束的投影面积与接收器的实际面积之比。 |
| izod test | 悬臂梁试验 |
a type of impact test in which a v-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. the energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一种冲击试验，其中垂直安装的v形切口试样受到摆臂末端重量的突然冲击。断开自由端所需的能量是材料冲击强度或韧性的量度。 |
| shrink ring | 预紧环 |
a ring, which is expanded by heating, is placed around an assembly of parts, and then contracts upon cooling to hold the assembly in place. 通过加热膨胀的环被放置在零件组件周围，然后在冷却时收缩以将组件固定到位。 |
| critical diameter | 临界直径 |
(d) diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （d）中心有50%马氏体可完全硬化的棒材直径。 |
| displacement | 移位 |
the distance that a chosen measurement point on a cracked specimen displaces normal to the crack plane as the crack grows. 随着裂纹扩展，裂纹试样上选定的测量点垂直于裂纹平面位移的距离。 |
| hysteresis | 滞后 |
the phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 当材料经受重复加载时，在任何加载或卸载循环期间发生的永久吸收或损失能量的现象。 |
| interrupted aging | 分段时效 |
aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分为两个或两个以上的温度时效，按顺序并在每个步骤后冷却至室温。 |
| blade compressor | 叶片式压缩机 |
an oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一种无油双作用旋转式压缩机，其中连接到旋转外壳内表面的倾斜叶片穿过圆盘上的槽，该槽绕垂直于外壳的轴旋转，但偏离外壳。空气通过壳体中的孔进入，并通过壳体的端口离开。 |
| pre-stress | 预应力 |
to induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或结构承受操作载荷之前，将应力引入部件或结构。 |
| compressor | 压缩机 |
a turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一种增加气体或蒸汽压力的轴向或径向涡轮机。 |
| safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全阀（安全泄压阀） |
a mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. the valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根据法律安装在所有压力容器（如蒸汽锅炉）上的机械阀，其打开以防止内部压力超过该容器的最大设计值。一旦压力降至安全水平，阀门将再次关闭。 |
| compression member | 压缩构件 |
a structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一种结构部件，其上的主要载荷是压缩的。 |
| piston pump | 活塞泵 |
a positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. on the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. on the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在气缸中往复运动的一种容积泵。在吸入冲程，流体通过入口阀吸入腔室，然后在出口阀关闭时打开。在输送冲程中，流体通过出口阀被迫流出腔室，然后出口阀打开，同时入口阀关闭。轴向和径向配置都很常见。 |
| quarter hard | （1/4h）低硬（回火） |
a temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非铁合金和某些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度介于软态和半硬态之间。 |
| endurance | 耐力 |
the capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反复施加应力的能力。 |
| surface tension (σ, γ) (unit n/m) | 表面张力（σ，γ）（单位：n/m） |
at the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液体和气体或两种不混溶液体之间的界面处，作用在界面处的液体分子上的不平衡内聚力导致表面张力的性质，从而导致张力的发展，就像皮肤或薄膜一样。 |
| failure of the bolt | 螺栓失效 |
term implying that the bolt has broken or the threads have stripped. there can be many reasons for this. 表示螺栓断裂或螺纹脱落的术语。原因可能有很多种。 |
| concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
the integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 产品设计、材料选择和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
a non-si unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. approximately equal to 9.81 pa. 一种非si压力单位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的压力。大约等于9.81pa。 |
| induction tempering | 感应回火 |
tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 钢的回火采用低频电感应加热。 |
| black annealing | 黑退火 |
box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 对铁合金板、带、线进行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| compressibility (unit 1/pa) | 可压缩性（单位1/pa） |
a measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. it is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 当物质受到压力增加时体积减少或密度增加的量度。它被定义为体积模量的倒数。液体和固体通常被认为是不可压缩的，而气体是高度可压缩的。 |
| viscoelasticity | 粘弹性 |
a property involving a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. a material having this property is considered to combine the features of a perfectly elastic solid and a perfect fluid. a phenomenon of time-dependent, in addition to elastic, deformation (or recovery) in response to load. 结合弹性和粘性的特性。具有这种性质的材料被认为是完美弹性固体和完美流体的结合体。除了弹性变形（或恢复）外，还随时间变化的一种现象。 |
| wear rate | 磨损率 |
the rate of material removal or dimensional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter—for example, quantity of material removed(mass, volume, thickness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. 由于单位暴露参数的磨损而导致的材料去除率或尺寸变化，例如，单位滑动距离或单位时间内去除的材料数量（质量、体积、厚度）。 |
| nominal size | 公称尺寸 |
the intended size of a component. the actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 组件的预期尺寸。实际尺寸取决于制造公差。 |
| tracking problem | 跟踪问题 |
a control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. the opposite of a regulator problem. 一种控制问题，其中设定值随时间变化，因此设备输出必须遵循变化的设定值。与调节器问题相反。 |
| maximum-and-minimum thermometer | 最高和最低温度计 |
(minimum-maximum thermometer, six’s thermometer) a liquid-in-glass instrument designed to register the maximum and minimum temperatures experienced over a given time period. （最低-最高温度计，six's温度计）一种液体玻璃仪器，用于记录给定时间段内经历的最高和最低温度。 |
| radial load (unit n) | 径向负荷（单位：n） |
1. centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) the radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. there will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋转体中产生的离心载荷。2.（贯穿壁厚载荷）由封闭容器的内部或外部加压产生的载荷的径向分量。还存在轴向和环向载荷。 |
| achme thread | achme螺纹 |
a screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一种夹角为29°的螺纹，主要用于机床上的进给丝杠。 |
| outside diameter (unit m) | 外径（单位：m） |
(external diameter, od) the diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外径，od）在外表面上的相对点之间测量的圆柱管或球体的直径。 |
| preload | 预载 |
the tension created in a threaded fastener when the nut is first tightened. often used interchangeably, but incorrectly, with working load or bolt force or bolt tension 第一次拧紧螺母时螺纹紧固件中产生的张力。经常与工作载荷或螺栓力或螺栓张力互换使用但容易使用不当。 |
| impact extrusion | 冲击挤压 |
the extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 挤压单独的软金属组件，其特性允许快速执行操作。 |
| notch depth | 缺口深度 |
the distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. in a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 从缺口试样表面到缺口底部的距离。在圆柱形试样中，通过加工环形槽去除的原始横截面积的百分比。 |
| joint diagrams | 接合处关系图 |
mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 说明紧固件和连接件上的力和变形的数学图。 |
| failure of the joint | 连接失效 |
failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓连接未达到设计者的预期性能。故障可能由螺栓断裂或丢失引起或伴随而来，但也可能意味着即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接头滑动或垫圈接头泄漏。接头故障的常见原因包括振动松动、装配不当、设计不当、意外的工作负载或条件等。 |
| elbow | 肘部 |
1. a fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. the third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角连接两个管道端部的配件。2.示例关节机器人上的第三关节对应于人的肘部。 |
| screw displacement | 螺杆位移 |
a rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 刚体绕轴旋转，同时刚体沿同一轴平移。 |
| computed path control | 计算路径控制 |
in cnc or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. this required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在cnc或机器人技术中，使用控制程序来确定工具或末端执行器所需的路径。这条所需的路径形成了用于移动机床或机器人的电机控制器的设定点。 |
| zone melting (zone refining) | 区域熔炼（区域精炼） |
a process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一种净化材料的过程，其中一个狭窄的熔融区沿材料长度移动，导致杂质在一端分离。 |
| sampling frequency (unit hz) | 采样频率（单位hz） |
(sampling rate) the number of measurement samples per unit time taken from a continuous analogue signal to produce a discrete signal. it is the inverse of the time between successive measurements (sampling interval, sampling period, or sampling time). （采样率）从连续模拟信号中提取以产生离散信号的每单位时间的测量样本数。它是连续测量之间时间的倒数（采样间隔、采样周期或采样时间）。 |
| edge distance ratio | 边距比 |
the ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 轴承测试中边缘距离与销直径的比值。 |
| striation | 条纹组织 |
a fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. the distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一种疲劳断裂特征，通常在电子显微照片中观察到，表明每次应力循环后裂纹前沿的位置。条纹之间的距离表示在一个应力循环期间裂纹前沿穿过该晶体的前进，垂直于条纹的线表示局部裂纹扩展的方向。 |
| pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
when there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 当处于静止状态的受限流体中任何一点的压力发生变化时，流体体积中的每一点的变化都相等。 |
| tap wrench | 螺丝攻扳手 |
a lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一种杠杆，其中心有一个可调节的方孔，丝锥柄安装在该孔中，以便施加扭矩以切断螺纹。 |
| dynamic compressor | 动态压缩器 |
a machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一种机器，例如离心式或轴流式压缩机，通过旋转而不是往复运动来压缩气体。 |
| tolerance limits | 公差极限 |
the extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定义零件尺寸或其他质量特性允许偏差范围的极值（上限和下限）。 |
| fibreglass | 玻璃纤维 |
fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 当紧固件应无腐蚀性、低导电性或对电磁波透明时，玻璃纤维用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| compression failure | 压缩失败 |
the reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纤维复合材料中的屈曲、断裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在压缩中的承载能力的降低或消除。 |
| orange peel | 橘皮 |
a surface roughening in the form of a pebble-grained pattern where a metal of unusually coarse grain is stressed beyond its elastic limit. also known as pebbles and alligator skin. 一种以卵石颗粒图案形式出现的粗糙化表面，其中晶粒异常粗的金属受到的应力超过其弹性极限。也称为卵石和鳄鱼皮。 |
| acoustic separation | 声学分离 |
(unit m) the separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （单位m）使用驻声波（通常是超声波）将流体中的粒子分离，以将它们驱动到节点（声学粒子浓度）。 |
| positive-displacement machine | 正排量机 |
a machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. this class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、阀门等的机器，以确保工作流体的正向进入和输送，并防止不期望的反向流动。这类机器包括所有往复式压缩机和膨胀机以及一些类型的旋转压缩机、罗茨鼓风机、抽水机、凸轮泵和叶片泵。 |
| oxygen probe | 定氧测头 |
an atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一种大气监测装置，以电子方式测量熔炉或熔炉供应大气中的氧分压与外部空气之间的差值。 |
| electrode | 电极 |
the two metallic bodies in a battery or corrosion cell which give up electrons (the anode) or which attract them (the cathode). 电池或腐蚀电池中释放电子（阳极）或吸引电子（阴极）的两个金属体。 |
| waviness | 波纹度 |
waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波纹度是与几何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由机床-工件系统在加工过程中的低水平振荡决定。通常，波长范围为1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范围为几微米至几百微米。 |
| torque (t) (unit n.m) | 扭矩（t）（单位：n.m） |
the twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). the twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手长度的乘积。力或力偶绕轴产生扭转的力矩。 |
| total combustion air (unit kg/s) | 总燃烧空气（单位：kg/s） |
1. the combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. the flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃烧所需的化学计量空气流与任何过量空气的组合。2.进入锅炉的新鲜空气流加上再循环的任何烟气。 |
| pulse | 脉冲 |
an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或减少，如压力、电压或力，与过程中的其他时间尺度相比，时间尺度较短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. the pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. as are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a newtonian fluid is governed by the navier–stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (dns) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流体运动的特点是无序、旋转（即旋涡）三维速度波动，覆盖广泛的频率和长度尺度。压力、温度和其他流体特性也会波动，热、质量和动量的扩散会大大增强。与层流和过渡流一样，牛顿流体的湍流由navier-stokes方程控制，该方程原则上可以通过直接数值模拟（dns）求解，在直接数值模拟中，波动运动的所有时间和长度尺度都可以求解。 |
| condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
the sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽发电厂冷凝器上的低于大气压的压力导致整体效率显着提高。 |
| centrifuge | 离心机 |
a machine incorporating a rapidly spinning drum in which liquids and suspended particles of different densities are separated by centrifugal action. 一种装有快速旋转滚筒的机器，在该滚筒中，不同密度的液体和悬浮颗粒通过离心作用分离。 |
| gibbs–dalton law | 吉布斯-道尔顿定律 |
an extension of dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道尔顿附加压力定律的扩展，包括以下陈述：气体混合物的内能、焓和熵等于各个成分单独存在时的内能、焓和熵之和。相同的温度和体积。吉布斯定律是与熵有关的定律的一部分。 |
| elasticity | 弹性 |
the property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. a perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一种材料的特性，通过这种特性，由应力引起的变形在去除应力后消失。完全弹性体在应力释放后完全恢复其原始形状和尺寸。 |
| direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接从渗碳作业中淬火渗碳零件。（2） 也用于直接从可锻操作淬火珠光体可锻零件。 |
| martempering | 淬火 |
(1) a hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the ms of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. the treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) when the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling ms temperature is that of the case. this variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一种淬火工艺，将奥氏体化铁质工件淬火到适当的介质中，该介质的温度基本保持在工件的ms，保持在该介质中直到其温度在整个过程中均匀，但不足以形成贝氏体，然后在空气中冷却。处理后经常进行回火。（2） 当该工艺应用于渗碳材料时，控制ms温度与实际情况相同。这个过程的变化经常被称为淬火。 |
| oxidative wear | 氧化磨损 |
a type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. these oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由两个金属部件之间的滑动作用导致的一种磨损，在金属表面上产生氧化膜。这些氧化膜防止在滑动表面之间形成金属结合，导致细磨屑和低磨损率。 |
| double aging | 双级时效 |
employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. the first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用两种不同的时效处理来控制由过饱和基质形成的沉淀物类型，以获得所需的性能。第一次时效处理，有时称为中间处理或稳定处理，通常在比第二次更高的温度下进行。 |
| diffusion | 扩散 |
(1) spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) the spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一种成分在气体、液体或固体中的扩散，趋于使所有部分的成分均匀。（2） 原子或分子自发运动到材料内的新位置。 |
| austenitic grain size | 奥氏体晶粒尺寸 |
the size attained by the grains of steel when heated to the austenitic region; may be revealed by appropriate etching of cross sections after cooling to room temperature. 当加热到奥氏体区域时钢晶粒达到的尺寸；冷却至室温后，可通过适当蚀刻横截面来显示。 |
| degradation | 降解 |
the reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性质随时间的减少。 |
| burning | 燃烧化 |
(1) permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. see overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) in grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通过加热导致初期熔化或晶间氧化而永久损坏金属或合金。参见过热、晶界液化。（2）在磨削过程中，使工件热到足以引起变色或通过回火或硬化改变微观结构。 |
| socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
a form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一种形式，带有内脊钢套筒，用于安装螺母或螺栓或螺钉的头部。 |
| adhesive wear | 粘着磨损 |
wear that develops when two surfaces slide across one another under pressure. the removal or displacement of material from a surface by the welding together and subsequent shearing of minute areas of two surfaces that slide across each other under pressure. in advanced stages, may lead to galling. contrast with abrasive wear. 当两个表面在压力下相互滑动时产生的磨损。通过焊接在一起并随后剪切在压力下相互滑动的两个表面的微小区域，从表面去除或置换材料。在晚期，可能会导致擦伤。与磨料磨损形成对比。 |
| snap temper | 快速回火 |
a precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature. 在淬火后立即对高淬透性钢进行预防性临时应力消除处理，以防止因在规定的更高温度下回火延迟而开裂。 |
| wing | 翼 |
a relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. the principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一种相对长而薄的物体，其横截面设计用于在相对于流体运动时产生升力。主要应用于飞机和高性能机动车辆。 |
| rotary pump | 旋转泵 |
a positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通过内部部件的旋转来泵送液体的容积泵，如齿轮泵、凸轮泵（类似于罗茨鼓风机）或螺杆泵。 |
| critical load (unit n) | 临界负荷（单位n） |
1. the applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. the applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.导致已知长度的现有裂纹扩展并因此导致部件或结构断裂的施加荷载。2.导致具有给定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷载。 |
| cavity radiator | 空腔辐射器 |
a heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加热室，近似于黑体辐射的辐射通过该小孔传递出去。 |
| true stress (σ) (unit pa) | 真应力（σ）（单位pa） |
the value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. compare with engineering stress. the applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通过将给定时刻施加在构件上的荷载除以其作用的横截面积而获得的值。与工程应力相比。施加在试样上的荷载除以其作用的当前横截面积。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷载除以其作用的原始横截面面积得出的工程应力，ε是真实应变。 |
| archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
a machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. if water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一种机器，它在紧密的管子内包含一个旋转的螺旋叶片，可用于泵送液体、泥浆（如污水）、颗粒材料等。如果水流入倾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺杆的顶部，螺杆将旋转，可用于驱动发电机。 |
| hydrogen damage | 氢损伤 |
a general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 当氢存在于某些金属中时可能发生的脆化、开裂、起泡和氢化物形成的总称。 |
| pressure gauge | 压力表 |
an instrument used to measure absolute or gauge pressure. the sensing element may be a tube which deflects when pressurized, as in a bourdon gauge, a bellows as in an aneroid barometer, a piezoelectric crystal, a piezoresistive element, etc. 测量绝对压力或表压的仪器。传感元件可以是加压时会偏转的管，如波登压力表、无液气压计中的波纹管、压电晶体、压阻元件等。 |
| dew point | 压力露点 |
the temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. 气体开始凝结成液体的温度和压力。 |
| quench cracking | 淬火开裂 |
fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高温淬火时金属断裂。在高硬度和低韧性的硬化碳钢、合金钢或工具钢零件中最常见。裂纹通常来自圆角、孔、角部或其他应力集中区，并由伴随马氏体转变的体积变化引起的高应力引起。 |
| thread run-out | 螺纹耗尽 |
that portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或轧制的螺纹部分，但提供全深度螺纹与主体或头部之间的过渡。官方称之为螺纹冲蚀或消失，但术语“耗尽”更为流行。（跳动是官方为旋转偏心度保留的，由总指示器读数等定义。） |
| screw thread | 螺纹 |
a ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圆柱体的外表面或内表面上呈螺旋形或在圆锥体的外表面和内表面上以锥形螺旋形的均匀截面或形状的脊。 |
| decalescence | 退色 |
a phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一种现象，与铁或钢加热（过热）时α铁向γ铁的转变有关，由于转变潜热的快速吸收导致温度突然降低，金属表面变黑。 |
| prevailing torque | 有效扭矩 |
torque required to run a nut down against the joint when some obstruction, such as a plastic insert in the threads, or a noncircular thread, or other, has been introduced to help the fastener resist vibration loosening. prevailing torque, unlike normal torque on a nut or bolt, is not proportional to the preload in the fastener. 当引入了一些障碍物（如螺纹中的塑料插件或非圆螺纹或其他障碍物）以帮助紧固件抵抗振动松动时，将螺母向下压靠接头所需的扭矩。与螺母或螺栓上的正常扭矩不同，主要扭矩与紧固件中的预载不成比例。 |
| wind velocity (unit m/s) | 风速（单位：m/s） |
1. in the earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. for convenience, the unit kph is often used. it could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. the airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大气层中，一种矢量量，用于量化给定高度和位置处的风速大小及其方向，方便地用速度计平面表示。为方便起见，通常使用单位kph。原则上，它还可以包括关于大尺度和小尺度不稳定性的信息。风速随高度或水平面的空间变化称为风切变。2.风洞工作段的空速。 |
| twist | 扭转 |
the helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 当一端相对于另一端旋转时，在圆柱形部件（如轴、钢丝、张紧电缆或绳索）中产生的螺旋。以每单位长度的圈数或螺旋角（扭曲角）测量。 |
| checks | 检查 |
numerous, very fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal part. checks may appear during processing or during service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. 涂层中或金属零件表面的许多非常细微的裂纹。在加工或服务期间可能会出现检查，并且通常与热处理或热循环有关。 |
| lock nut | 锁紧螺母 |
a type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. the locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. a nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper preload ), either by providing some form of prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. a thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. a single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一种在振动下防止松动的螺母。锁定动作通过挤压、夹紧或卡住螺栓螺纹来完成。通过提供某种形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋转锁紧螺母中，通过完全拧紧时变形、夹紧或咬入配合零件，提供额外的抗振动松动能力（超出适当预载产生的能力）。1.一个薄的辅助螺母，拧紧到另一个螺母上以防止松动。2.具有防止松动的特殊功能的单个螺母。 |
| nanotechnology | 纳米技术 |
the science and engineering of materials that have been structured on length scales of 1–100 nm, resulting in modified physical properties owing to changes in the ratio of surface area to volume (atoms on surfaces having different symmetry from those in the bulk) and because many of the fundamental physical processes that underpin the properties of materials have a characteristic length scale of a few nm, so that alteration of microstructure at the nm level alters the bulk properties. 材料科学与工程，其结构长度为1-100nm，由于表面积与体积之比的变化（表面上的原子与体中的原子具有不同的对称性），并且支撑材料性质的许多基本物理过程具有几纳米的特征长度尺度，因此改变纳米级微观结构会改变体性质。 |
| cemented carbides | 硬质合金 |
sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. they have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 难熔金属碳化物（如碳化钨）在金属基体粘结剂（如钴、镍或铁）中的烧结混合物。它们具有高熔点、韧性、抗压强度和耐磨性。应用包括用于砂轮和纸张、切削工具、钻头、拉丝模和圆珠笔尖。当应用于机床时，有时称为硬金属。 |
| torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
a gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a torque wrench). the output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. there is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一种齿轮箱，用于增加小手动扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）产生的扭矩。倍增器的输出以比输入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驱动螺母或螺栓。倍增器上没有扭矩计或读数。 |
| ausforming | 形变热处理 |
thermomechanical treatment of steel in the metastable austenitic condition below the recrystallization temperature followed by quenching to obtain martensite and/or bainite. 在低于再结晶温度的亚稳态奥氏体条件下对钢进行热机械处理，然后淬火以获得马氏体和/或贝氏体。 |
| high strength low alloy steels | 高强度低合金钢 |
(hsla steels) steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 mpa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （hsla钢）是含有各种微合金元素的钢，如少量的铜、镍、铬、钼、铌、钛和钒，与普通碳钢相比，具有更好的强度（高达900mpa）和腐蚀性能。这些改进归功于晶粒细化和沉淀硬化、炼钢过程中更好的化学控制以及精确的轧制温度。 |
| three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
a temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一种非铁合金和一些铁合金的回火，其特征是抗拉强度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之间。 |
| sizing | 颗粒化 |
1. a finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以确保满足部件的规定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分类）使用一系列筛网根据粒度将混合颗粒的聚集体分成组。 |
| microscopic stresses | 微观应力 |
residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. they are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 与普通应变测量中的标距相比，从拉伸到压缩的距离（大概接近晶粒尺寸）较小的残余应力。它们无法通过解剖方法检测到，但有时可以通过x射线衍射图案中的线位移或线加宽来测量。 |
| double-shear test | 双剪试验 |
a shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一种剪切试验，具有两个固定的剪切刀片和一个移动的刀片，并使用实心圆棒作为试样。 |
| annealing twin | 退火孪晶 |
a twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重结晶过程中晶体中的孪晶形式。 |
| jack | 杰克装置 |
a lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通过机械传动或液压装置在小位移上施加大力的提升装置。 |
| fin neck carriage bolt | 翼颈圆头方颈螺栓 |
a plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一种普通的圆形椭圆头螺栓，有两个相对的翼片以防止旋转。 |
| structural analysis | 结构分析 |
the determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 确定给定结构中的力、位移、应力和应变。 |
| elastic strain energy | 弹性应变能 |
the energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物体弹性变形所消耗的能量。本质上，弹性变形过程中所做的所有功都以弹性能的形式存储，并且在释放所施加的力时恢复该能量。 |
| crest | 波峰 |
the highest point of a wave or of a screw thread. 波浪或螺纹的最高点。 |
| effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓头或螺纹的有效半径 |
distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. must be determined by integration. 零件几何中心与配合零件之间的合力通过的点圆之间的距离。必须通过积分来确定。 |
| imperial system of units | 英制单位 |
british imperial system of units) an obsolete system of units first defined in the british weights and measures act of 1824. its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). the imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. the many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and british thermal unit for energy. closely related to the imperial system of units is the us customary system of units. each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. si) equivalent. （英帝国单位制）1824年英国度量衡法首次定义的已被淘汰的单位制。其三个基本单位为秒（时间）、码（长度）和磅（质量）。容量的英制单位是加仑。随后引入的许多相关单位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方码、品脱和夸脱，用于液体和干燥容量测量（即体积）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短吨和长吨，以保证重量；磅达表示力；以分钟和小时表示时间；华氏温度；英国热能单位。与帝国单位制密切相关的是美国习惯单位制。现在，每个英制单位在法律上都是以公制（即si）当量来定义的。 |
| atmometer | 气压计 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) an instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （湿度计，蒸发计）测量水从表面蒸发到大气中的速率的仪器。 |
| crystalline defects | 结晶缺陷 |
the deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 与完美的三维原子堆积的偏差是造成材料的大部分结构敏感特性的原因。晶体缺陷可以是点缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（空位）、线缺陷（位错）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| nanoparticles | 纳米颗粒 |
particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸为1nm级的颗粒，其已被引入微结构中用于增强或作为杂质存在。 |
| mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度测试 |
a scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度测试，用于使用从滑石（最软）到钻石（最硬）的10种标准矿物测定比较硬度。 |
| die screw | 模具螺丝 |
tool used when threading cylindrical pieces beyond the capacity of a die plate. 对超出模板容量的圆柱件进行螺纹加工时使用的工具。 |
| coining | 压印 |
a forging operation, employing a closely-fitting punch and die from which no metal is allowed to escape, in which the surface pattern on the punch and die is imprinted on the blank. 一种锻造操作，采用紧密配合的凸模和模具，不允许金属逸出，其中凸模和模具上的表面图案印在坯料上。 |
| ductile cast iron | 球墨铸铁 |
a cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and sg iron. 一种铸铁，在熔融时用镁或铈等元素进行处理，以诱导游离石墨形成为球粒或球晶，从而赋予铸造金属可测量的延展性。又称球墨铸铁、球晶石墨铸铁和sg铸铁。 |
| span (unit m) | 跨度（单位：m） |
a dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身体或结构的末端之间测量的尺寸，如机翼尖端或桥梁支架之间。 |
| transducer | 传感器 |
a device which converts one form of energy into another. an ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 将一种形式的能量转换为另一种形式能量的装置。例如，超声换能器将电能转换为声能（在超声频率下），反之亦然。 |
| pressure loss (unit pa) | 压力损失（单位pa） |
the loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的内部流动停滞压力损失和配件的微小损失。 |
| scratching | 刮擦 |
in tribology, the mechanical removal or displacement, or both, of material from a surface by the action of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the surfaces. 在摩擦学中，通过在表面上滑动的磨粒或突起的作用，材料从表面上的机械移除或移位，或两者兼而有之。 |
| materials selection | 材料选择 |
the process of selecting the most suitable material for a particular application. in the case of solid materials, it involves assessment of candidate materials in terms of their physical properties (density, elastic moduli, fracture toughness, yield strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, resistance to thermal shock, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, etc), and such factors as the function of the final product, its shape, method of manufacture, required tolerances, number to be made, ease of inspection and quality control, cost, and design methodology employed. 为特定应用选择最合适材料的过程。对于固体材料，它涉及根据其物理特性（密度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、屈服强度、硬度、抗疲劳性、热膨胀系数、导热系数、抗热冲击性、抗蠕变性、耐腐蚀性、抗辐射性等）评估候选材料，以及诸如最终产品的功能、其形状、制造方法、所需公差、制造数量、检查和质量控制的容易程度、成本和采用的设计方法等因素。 |
| clevis joint | u形接头 |
a joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由两个平行悬臂梁压在梁之间的部件上形成的接头。 |
| coarse threads | 粗螺纹 |
threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺纹上相应点之间的间距相对较大的螺纹。 |
| shoulder screw | 轴肩螺钉 |
a screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一种具有两个或两个以上直径或轴肩的螺钉，通常用于支撑杠杆和其他必须自由操作的机器部件。 |
| turbomachine | 涡轮机械 |
(rotodynamic machine) a machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋转动力机器）在连续的流体流和绕固定轴旋转的部件（称为转子）之间进行能量传递的机器。风扇和涡轮机（燃气、液压、蒸汽或风力）是涡轮机械，其中能量传递到转子，使其旋转。泵和压缩机是涡轮机械，其中能量从外部驱动的转子传递到流体。 |
| shank | 螺杆 |
portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. the stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. the stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. the shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓头部下方的部分。1.一种工具的柄部，如拉刀、钻头、铰刀或丝锥，可装入夹具（如卡盘）中。铆钉的杆或螺钉或螺栓的无螺纹部分。3.连接尖端和手柄的工具的轴。 |
| precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不锈钢 |
precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. these steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. they are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不锈钢通常含有11-18%的铬、3-10%的镍、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的锰、硅、铝、钼、铌和钛。这些钢可在固溶处理条件下供应，该条件易于制造或机加工，然后通过时效处理硬化，从而产生细小的第二相沉淀。它们有奥氏体、半奥氏体和马氏体等级。用途包括弹簧、刀具和压力容器。 |
| condensate strainer | 冷凝水过滤器 |
a filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽设备中的过滤器，用于在将冷凝水添加到给水中之前去除冷凝水中的颗粒物。 |
| dimension line | 尺寸线 |
a line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程图上的一条线，上面有一个数字，表示特征的长度，通常以毫米为单位。 |
| swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯测试 |
a simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一种模拟拔杯试验，将不同直径的圆形坯料夹紧在模环中，并用平底圆柱冲头将其深拉入杯中。 |
| rockwell hardness number (hr) | 洛氏硬度值（hr） |
a number derived from the net increase in the depth of impression in a rockwell hardness test as the load on an indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load and then returned to the minor load. rockwell hardness numbers are always quoted with a scale symbol representing the penetrator, load, and dial used. 当压头上的载荷从固定的小载荷增加到大载荷，然后返回到小载荷时，洛氏硬度试验中压痕深度的净增加值。洛氏硬度值总是用刻度符号引用，表示所用的穿透器、载荷和刻度盘。 |
| tension | 拉伸 |
the force or load that produces elongation. 1. the condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit n) the force associated with tension as in (1). it is measured by a tension meter. 伸长力产生伸长的力或载荷。1.从两端拉出的杆、带、电缆、弹簧、线、线等的状态。2.（张力）（单位n）与张力相关的力。 |
| relaxed stress | 松弛应力 |
the initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在应力松弛试验期间，初始应力减去给定时间的剩余应力。 |
| vapour-pressure thermometer | 蒸汽压力温度计 |
(vapour-filled thermometer) a type of fluidexpansion thermometer in which the working fluid is a volatile liquid. （蒸汽填充温度计）一种流体膨胀温度计，其中工作流体为挥发性液体。 |
| transmission | 传输 |
the system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. in the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 从动力源传输功率和扭矩的系统；例如轴、皮带和滑轮或齿轮系。对于机动车辆，包括变速箱、离合器、传动轴、差速器和终传动轴。 |
| wind tunnel | 风洞 |
a duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. the working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. for basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. for some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于测试和研究的可控气流管道。类型包括排污、闭路、开路回路和开路段。闭路隧道可加压或排空。工作段通常位于流量调节元件的下游，可包括增压室、蜂窝、滤网、湍流格栅和收缩管。紧靠下游通常有一个扩散器。对于基础研究，通常的要求是在低涡流和湍流强度的工作段中实现均匀稳定流动。对于某些应用，流动可能是密度分层、剪切、不稳定或高湍流强度。 |
| stud | 螺柱 |
a rod having thread on both ends. a headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. a plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. one end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 两端都有螺纹的杆。无头螺纹紧固件，两端有螺纹，中间部分有无螺纹主体，或从一端到另一端有螺纹。与两个螺母或一个螺母和一个螺纹孔一起使用。一种普通的圆柱形部件，其两端具有适当长度的螺纹部分，或在整个长度上具有连续螺纹。一端拧入机器或工件，然后将第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| stainless steels | 不锈钢 |
iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. the predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has bcc crystal structure. corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. nickel, which has fcc crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. there are several classes of stainless steel. 在许多环境中具有高度耐腐蚀性的铁基合金。主要的合金元素是铬，与室温下的铁一样，铬具有bcc晶体结构。钝化抗腐蚀性是通过在钢表面形成氧化铬来实现的。具有fcc晶体结构的镍是某些钢的另一种重要添加剂。其他用于增强性能的添加剂包括锰、钼、铌和钛。不锈钢的种类有好几种。 |
| a-basis | a-基础 |
mechanical property value above which at least 99% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. also called a-allowable. 机械性能值超过该值时，至少99%的值预计会下降，置信度为95%。也被称为a-容许。 |
| hot strength (unit pa) | 热强度（单位pa） |
the yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔点一半（以开尔文为单位）的温度下的屈服应力（有时为断裂应力）。 |
| abrasive wear | 磨料磨损 |
the removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. the particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. contrast with adhesive wear. 当硬质颗粒在压力下在表面上滑动或滚动时，材料从表面上的去除或位移。颗粒可能是松散的或可能是与被磨损表面接触的另一个表面的一部分。与粘着磨损形成对比。 |
| scuffing | 擦伤 |
a form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. it is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘着磨损的一种形式，在摩擦表面上产生表面划痕或高度抛光。通常在润滑不足的零件上观察到。 |
| essential conditions | 必要条件 |
each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. the conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓连接所遭受的每种类型的故障都由三个或四个条件确定。根据故障模式的不同，情况会有所不同，但数量不得超过四个。消除特定类型故障的任何一个基本条件都可以防止该类型故障。 |
| altitude chamber | 高空舱 |
(hypobaric chamber) a chamber in which conditions at different altitudes are simulated by a combination of appropriate pressures, temperatures and relative humidity. （低压舱）通过适当的压力、温度和相对湿度的组合来模拟不同高度条件的舱室。 |
| fatigue wear | 疲劳磨损 |
wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue. 由材料疲劳引起的断裂引起的固体表面磨损。 |
| crack-growth rate | 裂纹增长速度 |
rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to statically or dynamically applied load. 由于静态或动态施加的载荷，裂纹在材料中的扩展速率。 |
| ultrasonic method | 超声波法 |
measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 测量伸长使用在螺栓一端产生的声音脉冲，该脉冲沿螺栓长度传播，从远端反弹，并在测量的时间段内返回到声音发生器。 |
| bimetallic strip | 双金属片 |
a strip formed by welding, riveting or brazing together two metals having different coefficients of expansion, which causes the strip to curl when its temperature changes. typical combinations are steel and copper or steel and brass. 将两种膨胀系数不同的金属焊接、铆接或钎焊在一起形成的带材，当温度变化时，带材会卷曲。典型的组合是钢和铜或钢和黄铜。 |
| austenite stabilization | 奥氏体稳定化 |
decrease, in comparison to a continuous cooling, in the amount of martensite occurring from austenite when cooling is interrupted at a temperature between ms and mf. this can be explained by the relaxation of stresses induced in the austenite by martensite crystals occurring before the interruption. the relaxation, in turn, leads to the dislocation rearrangement and their interaction with martensite/austenite interfaces, which makes the interfaces immobile. 与连续冷却相比，当在ms和mf之间的温度中断冷却时，从奥氏体中产生的马氏体的量减少。这可以通过中断前发生的马氏体晶体在奥氏体中引起的应力松弛来解释。反过来，松弛导致位错重排及其与马氏体/奥氏体界面的相互作用，这使得界面无法移动。 |
| milling | 铣削 |
a machining process, typically for metals and plastics, in which a multi-tooth rotary cutter removes material to produce flat or profiled surfaces, slots, grooves, etc. milling is a machining process in which metal is removed by a rotating multiple-tooth cutter; each tooth removes a small amount of metal with each revolution of the spindle. because both workpiece and cutter can be moved in more than one direction at the same time, surfaces having almost any orientation can be machined. 一种加工工艺，通常用于金属和塑料，其中多齿旋转刀具去除材料以产生平坦或异形表面、槽、槽等。金属由旋转多齿刀具去除；主轴每转一圈，每个齿都会去除少量金属。因为工件和刀具可以同时在多个方向上移动，所以几乎可以加工任何方向的表面。 |
| screw jack | 螺旋千斤顶 |
a lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一种起重装置（千斤顶），由螺母和方形螺纹轴组成，其顶部为承重垫。螺母的旋转可升高或降低衬垫。 |
| compression | 压缩 |
1. loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. the reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加载，其主要作用是挤压和缩短部件或试件。2.压力增加导致物质体积减少和密度增加。 |
| grain | 晶粒 |
1. an individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) a non-si unit of mass. the conversion to si is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10−5 kg. 1.多晶固体中的单个晶体。大多数工程材料，如金属和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非国际单位制的质量单位。转换为si为1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(unit °) the angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. in the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （单位°）升力体上的参考线与升力体与其运动通过的流体之间的相对速度的矢量方向之间的角度。在机翼、涡轮或压缩机叶片的情况下，通常的参考线是弦线。 |
| dynamics | 动力学 |
the branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力学中研究运动物体的分支。它的两个主要分支是运动学和动力学，前者研究运动而不考虑其原因，后者也考虑引起运动的力。 |
| quench hardening | 淬火硬化 |
(1) hardening suitable alpha-beta alloys (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by solution treating and quenching to develop a martensitic-like structure. (2) in ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite. （1）通过固溶处理和淬火硬化合适的α-β合金（通常是某些铜-钛合金），以形成类似马氏体的结构。（2）在铁合金中，通过奥氏体化硬化，然后以一定速度冷却，使大量奥氏体转变为马氏体。 |
| turbo generator | 涡轮发电机 |
(turboset) the combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽轮发电机组）蒸汽或燃气轮机与发电机的组合，具有单轴或连接的同轴。 |
| single thread | 单头螺纹 |
a screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一种螺纹，在一个圆柱体上切割而成，具有一个单一的起点，在这个起点上，导程等于螺距。 |
| inch-pound force/inch² | 英寸磅力/英寸² |
a non-si unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). the conversion to si is 1 in.lbf/in² = 1.751 268 × 102 j/m². 用于特定断裂功（断裂韧性）的非国际单位制单位。到si的转换为1英寸。lbf/in²=1.751268×102j/m²。 |
| wing nut | 蝶形螺母 |
a nut having two opposite protruding wings to permit hand tightening. 一种螺母，有两个相对突出的翼片，可以用手拧紧。 |
| thermal reactor | 热反应器 |
an enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一种扩大的排气歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式发动机的气缸盖上，其中一氧化碳和未燃烧碳氢化合物的氧化作用增强。 |
| engine | 引擎 |
a machine that converts energy, including the chemical energy in a fuel and electrical energy, into mechanical energy, usually to produce power delivered through a rotating shaft or thrust. examples include internal-combustion engines, gas and steam turbines, rocket engines, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic motors. 一种将能量（包括燃料中的化学能和电能）转换为机械能的机器，通常通过旋转轴或推力产生动力。例子包括内燃机、燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机、火箭发动机、电动、液压和气动马达。 |
| minimum material condition | 最小材料条件 |
(minimum metal condition) the situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金属条件）制造部件的体积对应于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有内部尺寸的上限的情况。 |
| fatigue striations | 疲劳条纹 |
parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. the lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在电子显微镜断口图或疲劳断口表面中经常观察到平行线。这些线横向于局部裂纹扩展方向；连续线之间的距离表示在一个应力变化周期内裂纹前沿的前进。 |
| fastener | 紧固件 |
a fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 紧固件是一种机械装置，用于将两个或多个物体相对于彼此固定在确定的位置。 |
| cohesive strength | 内聚强度 |
(unit pa) a theoretical fracture strength for solids based on interatomic forces, approximately equal to e/10 where e is young’s modulus. （单位pa）基于原子间力的固体理论断裂强度，大约等于e/10，其中e是杨氏模量。 |
| water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通过含有磨料颗粒的高速水射流切割岩石等材料。 |
| thermoelectric converter | 热电转换器 |
(thermoelectric generator) a device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. due to the seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. due to the peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. the thermoelectric figure of merit (z), with unit 1/k, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by z = σα2/k where α is the seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. the product of z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （热电发生器）由串联连接的交替的n型和p型半导体元件夹在两块陶瓷板之间组成的装置。由于塞贝克效应，当板之间保持温差时，就会产生电能。由于珀尔帖效应，热电转换器可以通过使电流通过而充当热电加热器或热电冷却器（热电制冷机）。热电优值（z）和第一单元/k是一个尺寸参数，热电装置的效率主要取决于此，由z=σα2/k定义，其中α是塞贝克系数，σ是电导率，k是热导率。z和温度的乘积是无量纲的。 |
| vickers hardness number | 维氏硬度值 |
(diamond hardness number, dhn, vhn, vpn) (unit kg/mm² originally, sometimes now pa) indentation hardness given by load divided by the surface area of the permanent impression obtained when the indenter is in the form of a square pyramid whose opposite faces make an angle of 136° with one another. the mean length d of the diagonals of the indentation is determined, from which vpn = 0.927(2w/d2) where w is the load, since the base of the pyramid has an area equal to 0.927 times the surface area. （金刚石硬度值，dhn，vhn，vpn）（最初单位为kg/mm²，有时为pa）压痕硬度，由载荷除以永久压痕的表面积得出，当压头呈方形棱锥体形式时，其相对面彼此成136°角。确定压痕对角线的平均长度d，其中vpn=0.927（2w/d2），其中w是载荷，因为棱锥底部的面积等于表面积的0.92七倍。 |
| self-loosening | 自松动 |
the process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振动、热循环、冲击或任何其他导致接头构件之间以及阳螺纹和阴螺纹之间横向滑动的原因，紧固件松动的过程。振动松动是自松动的一种常见但特殊的情况。 |
| natural aging | 自然时效 |
spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 过饱和固溶体在室温下的自发时效。 |
| maximum allowable operating pressure (unit pa) | 最大允许使用压力（单位pa） |
the highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何压力系统可运行的最高压力，通常比最大允许工作压力低10%至20%。 |
| notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. for example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在应力集中点易发生脆性断裂。例如，在缺口拉伸试验中，如果缺口强度小于无缺口试样的抗拉强度，则称材料为缺口脆性材料。否则，称其为缺口韧性。 |
| brake lining | 制动衬片 |
the replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在内膨胀制动器中覆盖制动的可更换摩擦材料。 |
| absolute stability | 绝对稳定 |
condtion of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. 线性系统的条件，其中存在开环增益的限制值，使得系统对于该增益的所有较低值都是稳定的，而对于所有较高值来说都是不稳定的。 |
| pneumatic control valve | 气动控制阀 |
(pneumatic valve) a valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （气动阀）一种阀门，其中阀杆的位置随开口面积的变化而变化，由压缩空气作用在隔膜上产生的净力决定，隔膜克服压缩弹簧的力进行操作。根据弹簧的布置，在供气故障的情况下，阀门可以打开或关闭。 |
| nanomaterial | 纳米材料 |
a material defined by the european commission as ‘a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1–100 nm. in specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50%.’ 由欧盟委员会定义为“含有颗粒的天然、偶然或人造材料，处于未结合状态或聚集体或凝聚体，其中，对于数量-尺寸分布中的50%或更多颗粒，一个或多个外部尺寸在1-100nm的尺寸范围内”。在特定情况下，如果考虑到环境、健康、安全或竞争力，50%的数量大小分布阈值可以由1%到50%之间的阈值代替。 |
| chain dimensioning | 链条尺寸标注 |
on an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程图纸上，其中一个尺寸的终点是下一个的起点。平行尺寸标注是首选，因为链尺寸标注可能导致公差累积。 |
| full hard | 全硬化 |
a temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state beyond which the material can no longer be formed by bending. in specifications, a full hard temper is commonly defined in terms of minimum hardness or minimum tensile strength (or, alternatively, a range of hardness or strength) corresponding to a specific percentage of cold reduction following a full anneal. for aluminum, a full hard temper is equivalent to a reduction of 75% from dead soft ; for austenitic stainless steels, a reduction of about 50 to 55%. 有色金属合金和一些铁合金的回火状态，大致对应于冷加工状态，超过该状态，材料就不能再通过弯曲形成。在规范中，完全硬质回火通常定义为与完全退火后的特定冷压下率百分比相对应的最小硬度或最小抗拉强度（或者，硬度或强度范围）。对于铝来说，完全硬回火相当于从极软状态减少75%；对于奥氏体不锈钢，减少约50%至55%。 |
| austenite | 奥氏体 |
a solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-fe. it is named after british metallurgist w. c. roberts-austen. 一种或多种元素在面心立方铁中的固溶体。除非另有说明（如镍奥氏体），溶质通常假定为碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-fe中的固溶体。它以英国冶金学家wcroberts-austen的名字命名。 |
| population | 集合 |
the hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. also known as universe. 从所考虑的材料中以规定方式制备的所有可能试样的假设集合。也称为体系。 |
| speed of rotation (n) | 转速（n） |
(unit rps or rpm) for an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. it is equal to the angular velocity ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （单位rps或rpm）对于绕固定轴旋转的物体，旋转速度是物体每单位时间的转数。它等于角速度ω（或ω）（单位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| safe working load (unit n) | 安全工作负荷（单位：n） |
the steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. it is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或结构设计用于正常运行的稳定或不稳定荷载。该值低于因屈曲、断裂或屈服而导致失效的值，以适应不确定性、可能的故障或事故条件。 |
| high-tensile bolt | 高强度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) a bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 gpa. （高压螺栓）由合金钢制成的螺栓，具有约1gpa的高抗拉强度。 |
| impact energy (unit j) | 冲击能量（单位j） |
the amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an izod test or charpy test.the type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. the sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. the energy required to fracture a specimen in a charpy or izod impact test. 使材料断裂所需的能量，通常通过悬臂梁式试验或夏比试验测量。试样类型和试验条件会影响数值，因此应加以说明。1.两个或多个运动物体碰撞瞬间所有物体的动能之和。2.夏比或悬臂冲击试验中断裂试样所需的能量。 |
| fracture strength | 断裂强度 |
(fracture stress) (unit pa) the stress at which a material breaks. it is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （断裂应力）（单位pa）材料断裂时的应力。对于给定的材料，它不是绝对的，因为它取决于断裂力学定律，并且取决于尺寸。 |
| physical properties | 物理性质 |
properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及试样变形或破坏的材料特性，例如密度、电导率、热膨胀系数、磁导率和晶格参数。不包括化学反应性或更适当地视为机械的性质。 |
| progressive aging | 渐进时效 |
aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通过在时效周期中逐步或连续升高温度进行增加时效。 |
| annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. also called temper carbon. 白口铸铁和某些钢在长时间退火过程中形成的细小、明显的无定形碳颗粒。也称为回火碳。 |
| volume (unit m³) | 体积（单位m³） |
the amount of space occupied by a specified mass of substance or by an object. 一定质量的物质或物体占据的空间量。 |
| toughness (unit j/m²) | 韧性（单位：j/m²） |
the ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. the ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. the ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金属在破裂前吸收能量和塑性变形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂纹萌生和扩展的能力。2.材料在不发生断裂的情况下吸收应变能的能力。 |
| ferralium | 铁素体钢 |
ferralium is a type of super duplex stainless steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一种超级双相不锈钢，经过优化用于紧固件。 |
| vibration isolation | 隔振 |
the prevention of transmission of vibration from one component of a system to another part of the same system, such as a building or other structure. isolation may be achieved using dampers (vibration damping) or by active feedback-control methods. mechanical vibration is often attenuated by means of components immersed in oil such as in dashpots (viscous damping). vibration suppression can be achieved (a) using dampers and absorbers tuned to a particular frequency to suppress vibratory forces in structures and other systems (passive suppression) or (b) by the measurement of vibration at key locations in a structure and the application of cancellation forces (active suppression). 防止振动从系统的一个部件传递到同一系统的另一部分，如建筑物或其他结构。可以使用阻尼器（减振）或主动反馈控制方法实现隔离。机械振动通常通过浸入油中的部件来衰减，例如缓冲罐（粘性阻尼）。可以通过（a）使用调谐到特定频率的阻尼器和吸收器来抑制结构和其他系统中的振动力（被动抑制），或（b）通过测量结构中关键位置的振动并施加抵消力（主动抑制），实现振动抑制。 |
| flange | 法兰 |
flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. a flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. an extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. the top and bottom parts of an i-beam. 法兰是指螺栓的头部样式，其中头部下方有一个圆形“法兰”，其作用类似于垫圈以分配载荷。凸缘是凸出的平轮辋或凸缘。1.管道（法兰管）或轴端部的环形边缘，通过这些边缘，可以使用穿过法兰孔的螺栓（法兰联轴器、法兰接头）或通过周边的肘节夹将管道连接在一起。2.车轮上的延伸轮辋，将其横向定位在轨道上。通常用于铁路车辆。3.工字梁的顶部和底部。 |
| catastrophic failure | 灾难性故障 |
a sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程结构（如航空发动机、飞机、航天器、桥梁或水坝）突然完全失效。 |
| slug | 猛击 |
1. a starting workpiece for forging and similar operations, such as a length of wire or rod to make a bolt blank on which a thread can be rolled or cut. 2. (geepound) an obsolete imperial (non-si) unit of mass, being the mass which under an acceleration of one foot per second squared gives a force of one pound-force. the conversion to si is 1 slug = 14.593 902 94 kg. 3. a large-scale flow structure which occurs in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe. 1.一种用于锻造和类似操作的起始工件，如用于制造螺栓毛坯的一段线材或棒材，在该毛坯上可以轧制或切割螺纹。2.（吉磅）一种已被淘汰的英制（非国际单位制）质量单位，在一英尺/秒平方加速度下产生一磅力的质量。转化为si国际单位制的转化率为1slug=14.59390294kg。3.一种大规模流动结构，其发生在管道中从层流到湍流的过渡中。 |
| thermodynamic pressure (unit pa) | 热力学压力（单位pa） |
the pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,t) where ρ is the fluid density and t is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流体中的压力由状态方程给出，如p（ρ，t），其中ρ是流体密度，t是流体的绝对温度。 |
| spring temper | 弹簧回火 |
a temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非铁合金和一些铁合金的一种回火，其特点是抗拉强度和硬度约为全硬回火到超弹性回火的三分之二。 |
| specific weight (γ) (unit n/m³) | 比重（γ）（单位：n/m³） |
the weight per unit volume of a substance: if w is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = w/ = ρg. 物质单位体积的重量：w是物质体积的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=w/=ρg。 |
| turbine | 涡轮 |
a turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 转子（涡轮）或叶轮旋转并将流动能量转换为轴功率或推力的涡轮机。 |
| atomization | 雾化 |
the production of a spray of fine droplets from a liquid, such as diesel oil or petrol, by injection through a nozzle (an atomizer). 通过喷嘴（雾化器）喷射从液体（例如柴油或汽油）中产生细小液滴喷雾。 |
| lap joint | 搭接接头 |
a riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 两块板之间的铆接、焊接或粘结连接，通过将一块板重叠在另一块板上而形成。对接接头上方和下方具有板的搭接接头避免了与简单搭接接头相关的弯矩。 |
| uniaxial strain | 单轴应变 |
increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. 由平行于试样纵轴的应力引起的长度增加（或减少）。 |
| crossed threads | 交叉螺纹 |
when the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 当提供给螺栓的螺母的轴线与螺栓（或螺纹构件的螺钉）的轴线不对齐时，螺纹可能会错误接合，甚至螺母或螺钉会提前一圈或更多，但最终未对齐的螺纹会锁定在一起。在这种情况下强行拧入螺母可能会对两侧的螺纹造成无法修复的损坏。 |
| electrolyte | 电解质 |
the liquid with which the electrodes of a battery or corrosion cell are wetted. 润湿电池或腐蚀电池电极的液体。 |
| water hammer | 水锤 |
the reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. the surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流经管道的液体中发生的反射压力波动，通常是阀门突然关闭的结果。浪涌可能导致管道振动，并听到锤击噪音。影响喘振幅度的关键因素是液体的可压缩性（特别是当其含有未溶解气体时）和管壁的弹性。 |
| alloy | 合金 |
1. a metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. a plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. this results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由两种或多种元素组成的金属材料，其中一种通常是添加了其他元素的金属，例如铁碳或铝铜（二元合金）；镍铬铁（三元合金）。2.由两种或多种不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。这导致无法通过聚合获得的材料。 |
| heat-capacity rate (c) (unit w/k) | 热容率（c）（单位w/k） |
for fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ṁ, the product ṁc where c is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (cp) in the case of a gas. 对于质量流量为ṁ的管道中的流体流动，乘积ṁc其中c是比热容，在气体的情况下为恒定压力（cp）。 |
| wrap-around bend | 环绕弯曲 |
the bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. this term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 当试样缠绕在圆柱形心轴周围的闭合螺旋中时获得的弯曲。该术语有时适用于180°或更小的半导弯曲。 |
| raised-face flange | 凸面法兰 |
a flange which contacts its mating joint member only in the region in which the gasket is located. the flanges do not contact each other at the bolt circle. 仅在垫圈所在区域接触其配合接头构件的法兰。法兰在螺栓圆处不相互接触。 |
| bend test | 弯曲试验 |
a test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). the specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. there are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 确定待成形金属（通常为薄板、带材、板材或线材）的相对延展性或确定金属的坚固性和韧性（例如，焊接后）的试验。试样通常在规定的直径上重复弯曲一个规定的角度，然后在规定的循环次数内弯曲。弯曲试验有四种一般类型，根据施加在试样上的力进行弯曲的方式命名：自由弯曲、引导弯曲、半引导弯曲和环绕弯曲。 |
| caustic cracking | 苛性开裂 |
a form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °c (400 to 480 °f). also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°c（400至480°f）的温度下暴露于浓氢氧化物溶液中的碳钢或铁铬镍合金中最常遇到的一种应力腐蚀开裂形式。也称为碱脆。 |
| surface hardening | 表面硬化 |
a generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produces, by quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. there is no significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. the processes commonly used are carbonitriding, carburizing, induction hardening, flame hardening, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing. use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一个通用术语，涵盖适用于仅通过淬火硬化产生比型芯更硬或更耐磨的表面层的合适铁合金的几种工艺。表面层的化学成分没有显著改变。常用的工艺有碳氮共渗、渗碳、感应淬火、火焰淬火、氮化和氮碳共渗。最好使用适用的特定工艺名称。 |
| radiosity (j) (unit w/m²) | 辐射度（j）（单位w/m²） |
the total radiation leaving a given surface per unit area, including emitted, reflected, and transmitted radiation. 每单位面积离开给定表面的总辐射，包括发射、反射和透射辐射。 |
| pressure recovery (unit pa) | 压力恢复（单位pa） |
the progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通过发散喷嘴或扩散器的未分离流的静压逐渐增加。 |
| positive-displacement flow meter | 容积式流量计 |
an instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一种高精度仪器，通过将流动的流体分成连续的固定体积并测量其通过流量计的时间来确定体积流量。 |
| mole number (n) | 摩尔数（n） |
the number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩尔数物质给定质量m中的摩尔数，等于m除以物质的摩尔质量。 |
| aerated bath nitriding | 空气搅拌液体渗氮法 |
a type of liquid nitriding in which air is pumped through the molten bath creating agitation and increased chemical activity. 一种液体氮化，其中空气被泵入熔池，产生搅拌并增加化学活性。 |
| springback | 回弹 |
the extent to which metal tends to return to its original shape or contour after undergoing a forming operation. 金属在经历成形操作后趋于恢复其原始形状或轮廓的程度。 |
| balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) a disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. a form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）连接在涡轮机或压缩机轴上的圆盘，在其一侧施加高压或低压，以抵消机器压力变化产生的轴向推力。推力轴承的一种形式。 |
| pressure regulator | 压力调节器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) a device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （压力调节阀）安装在气动或气体系统中以将下游压力保持在所需水平的装置。 |
| macrodeviation | 宏观偏差 |
errors from–irregular surface departures from the design profile, often caused by lack of accuracy or stiffness of the machine system. 不规则表面偏离设计轮廓的误差，通常是由于机器系统缺乏准确性或刚度造成的。 |
| galling | 磨损 |
an extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一种极端形式的粘着磨损，其中一个零件的大块粘在配合零件上（在滑动接触期间）。 |
| mechatronics | 机电一体化 |
the integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 机械工程、电气工程、电子工程和软件工程的集成。 |
| pump | 泵 |
a machine designed to cause a liquid, gas, vapour, or slurry to flow due to the reciprocating motion of pistons, rotation of vanes, or rotation of an impeller. 通过活塞的往复运动、叶片的旋转或叶轮的旋转而使液体、气体、蒸汽或泥浆流动的机器。 |
| ball screw and nut | 滚珠丝杠和螺母 |
a nut and bolt assembly having semi-circular helical grooves, as opposed to threads, in which run ball bearings. on rotation of the nut, the balls move along the helix and carry the axial load. balls reaching the end of the groove are recirculated back to the beginning. such devices have low friction and very little backlash, and are used in some steering mechanisms. 一种螺母和螺栓组件，具有半圆形螺旋槽，与螺纹相反，在其中运行滚珠轴承。在螺母旋转时，滚珠沿螺旋线移动并承受轴向载荷。到达凹槽末端的滚珠被循环回起点。这种装置具有低摩擦和非常小的背隙，并且用于一些转向机构。 |
| minimum stress (smin) | 最小应力（smin） |
in fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲劳中，循环中代数值最低的应力，拉应力被视为正应力，压应力为负应力。 |
| calorizing | 热化 |
imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °c (1470 to 1830 °f). 通过在800至1000°c（1470至1830°f）下加热铝粉，赋予铁或钢表面抗氧化性。 |
| blind rivet | 盲孔铆钉 |
a rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一种铆钉，可以仅从组件的一侧进行连接。 |
| load and resistance factor design | 负载和阻力系数设计 |
a design procedure developed for the aisc by the research council on structural connections. assigns uncertainties in the strength of (i.e., resistance of) and in the service loads to be placed on a shear joint to estimate the probable strength of the joint. it is a recently defined alternative to the allowable stress design procedure. 结构连接研究委员会为aisc制定的设计程序。分配剪切接头的强度（即阻力）和工作荷载的不确定性，以估计接头的可能强度。它是最近定义的容许应力设计程序的替代方案。 |
| statistic | 统计 |
a summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根据样本中的观察值计算得出的汇总值。 |
| dynamic load rating (unit n) | 额定动载荷（单位n） |
the allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 当负载不是静态时，组件或结构上的允许负载。 |
| precipitation heat treatment | 沉淀热处理 |
artificial aging in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. 成分从过饱和固溶体沉淀的人工时效。 |
| x–y recorder | x-y记录仪 |
a device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一种绘制变量y和变量x的图形的设备，两者都以伏特数的形式。 |
| bainitic hardening | 贝氏体硬化 |
quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化处理主要导致贝氏体的形成。 |
| abelian group | 阿贝尔群 |
property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. in an abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. if a and b are any two group elements and if the ( ) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an abelian group, 与二元运算相关的一组元素的属性。在阿贝尔群中，群元素在二元运算下交换。如果a和b是任意两个群元素并且（ ）符号表示二元运算 |
| strain-age embrittlement | 应变时效脆化 |
a loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. the degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°c (400 °f), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性变形后低碳钢（尤其是边缘钢或封顶钢）时效时发生的延展性损失，伴随着硬度和强度的增加。脆化程度是老化时间和温度的函数，在大约200°c（400°f）的温度下，在几分钟内发生，但在室温下需要几小时到一年。 |
| infinite life diagram | 无限疲劳寿命图 |
a simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一个简单的曲线图，实验得出的疲劳寿命数据，显示了无限寿命所需的条件。 |
| differential heating | 差动加热 |
heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加热有意在物体内产生温度梯度，从而在冷却后，在物体内出现所需的应力分布或特性变化。 |
| durometer hardness | 硬度计硬度 |
measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. it is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料压痕硬度的测量。它是弹簧加载的钢压头超出压力脚伸入材料的程度。 |
| grinding | 研磨 |
1. a process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. it is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. a form of comminution. 1.一种通过由硬砂砾和粘合剂形成的轮对表面进行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂砾和粘结剂随着粘合剂的磨损而逐渐暴露。这是一种微机械加工工艺，特别适用于硬材料的精确精加工操作。2.一种粉碎形式。 |
| vibrometer | 测振仪 |
a device used to measure the motion of a vibrating surface, typically using a contactless laser-based technique. 一种用于测量振动表面运动的装置，通常使用非接触激光技术。 |
| kinetic friction | 动摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (unit n) the sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （动摩擦，滑动摩擦）（单位n）两个相互接触的表面相对运动的滑动阻力。 |
| bias pressure (unit pa) | 偏压（单位pa） |
in a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由压力差控制的流体装置中，该差值的大小。 |
| martensitic stainless steels | 马氏体不锈钢 |
martensitic stainless steels are hardenable magnetic stainless steels that contain 9–18% chromium, 0.06–1.25% carbon, and typically up to about 2.5% in total of manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum. they can be heat-treated such that martensite is the prime microconstituent, and are usually available in the annealed or quenched-and-tempered condition. they have excellent strength and high hardness, and good corrosion resistance. uses include cutlery, surgical instruments, rifle barrels, steam turbine tubing and blading, jet engine components, hand tools, machine parts, fasteners, valves, springs, bearings, pump shafts, nozzles, mining equipment, and wear-resistant parts. 马氏体不锈钢是一种可硬化的磁性不锈钢，其铬含量为9-18%，碳含量为0.06-1.25%，锰、硅、镍和钼的总含量通常高达约2.5%。它们可以进行热处理，使马氏体成为主要的微组分，通常可在退火或淬火回火条件下获得。它们具有优异的强度和高硬度，以及良好的耐腐蚀性。用途包括餐具、外科器械、步枪枪管、蒸汽轮机管道和叶片、喷气发动机部件、手动工具、机械零件、紧固件、阀门、弹簧、轴承、泵轴、喷嘴、采矿设备和耐磨零件。 |
| standard gauge | 标准量规 |
a highly-accurate reference gauge against which to check working gauges. 一种高精度的基准量规，用于检查工作量规。 |
| strength of bolt | 螺栓强度 |
an ambiguous term which can mean ultimate strength or proof load or endurance limit or yield strength. 一个模棱两可的术语，可表示极限强度或验证荷载或耐久极限或屈服强度。 |
| drift pin | 冲头 |
a round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于对齐铆钉孔的圆形锥形钢销，以便铆钉轻松穿过孔。 |
| standard hole | 标准孔 |
a hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. a standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，钻孔至规定公差，其中与轴的间隙通过轴上的余量来实现。标准轴加工至规定公差，其中与孔的间隙通过孔上的公差实现。 |
| rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度测试 |
an indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. a direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 n) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 n). there are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. an indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校准机器进行的压痕硬度测试，该机器利用恒定载荷下的压痕深度作为硬度测量值。一种基于压痕深度的直读硬度测试，其中在主要载荷（通常为120至1500n）之前施加较小载荷（通常是30至100n）。对于不同的硬度范围，使用锥形或球形压头有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定条件下，基于指定穿透器穿透试样深度的压痕硬度试验。 |
| transition temperature (unit k) | 转变温度（单位k） |
(1) an arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. the temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. the temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定义的温度，位于金属断裂特性（通常通过缺口试样的试验确定）快速变化的温度范围内，如从主要纤维（剪切）断裂到主要结晶（解理）断裂。（2） 有时用于表示延性随温度快速变化的范围内的任意定义的温度。（转变点）1.具有面心立方晶体结构的金属合金的断裂机制从韧性孔洞生长转变为脆性解理的温度。2.材料从一种晶体状态转变为另一种晶体的温度。 |
| ductile crack propagation | 延性裂纹扩展 |
slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 缓慢的裂纹扩展，伴随着明显的塑性变形，需要从外部提供能量。 |
| shear modulus (g) | 剪切模量（g） |
the ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. also known as modulus of rigidity. 对于低于材料比例极限的剪切应力，剪切应力与相应剪切应变之比。剪切模量值通常通过扭转试验确定。也称为刚度模量。 |
| deposit gauge | 沉积量计 |
(deposition gauge) an instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降计）在空气污染研究中使用的仪器，用于测量在给定条件下在给定时间内沉积在给定区域上的污染物量。 |
| available draught (unit pa) | 可用通风量（单位pa） |
the reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 炉子或锅炉中燃烧气体的压力降低，无论是强制还是由于热气体的浮力，用于吸入燃烧空气并去除燃烧产物。 |
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